RONDA WINE HISTORY

                                       

Some historians think that the man had the news of the wine before, even, to learn to cultivate it. The Vitis sort assumes that - that includes all the domestic grapevines appeared in the remote Tertiary Era. The Vitis sezanensis, a fossil       stock of more than 50 million years, was in some places of Europe. It makes about 12 million years.

Recent and much more near geographically it is the presence of the man of Neandertal, dating in about 60,000 years    his first rest in Gibraltar.

The first Homo sapiens has been appearing for 40,000 years.

During Paleolithic Superior, it does about 16,000 years and until the neolithic one, in our region we have numerous representations, in dólmenes as the one of the Drunk Giant and Giganta or Encinas and whose more remarkable contribution represents cave paintings of the Caves of the Sink.

The wine appears at the same time as the own civilization, for that reason the first testimonies of the culture of vineyards seem to date from year 7,000 a.c., in a region located to the south of the Black Sea, in the fertile plains of Sumerian, the old Mesopotámica.

Towards the 5500 a.C more exactly appears in the peninsula the Bell-shaped culture or Culture of the Bell-shaped  Glass. Around the 3700 aDC appears the megalithic culture and agriculture and is reduced the nomadic activity of the tribes.

The elaboration of the wine was completed with a very simple method: the grapes in great baskets took shelter, they  were squeezed with the feet and longed for must was obtained there. The fermentation was carried out in great mud   jars, that were greased as well in their interior with fats to waterproof them.

In 4.000 AC the first plantations are dated from vines in this zone, concretely in Mazagon and Cadiz (J: A: Walter), according to testifies the polínicos studies of Lagoon of the Mothers and the gaditana coast, where the accidental presence of wild grapevines by the great concentration of pollen found in these layers would discard.

For the appearance of cultures that use the metals we must wait for around year 3000 to 2500 DC. Its geographic distribution is greater and it is considered that the search of metals brought important migratory flows towards the Mountainous area of Round. Of this time the deposits and important pieces found and documented, as the Sword of Round are numerous. We already understand that the manufacture of the wine, although rudimentary was important    part of the diet would feed. We have the plants, in organized cultures and the later fermentation of the juice in mud containers.


                                                                                  

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It is the moment at which it appears Tartesos
like civilization in the valley of the Guadalquivir and its margins. The historical data contributed by the Greeks speak           to us of two present cultures: celtas and iberos, an the north and others to the south, seems that both arrived until   Round.

Celtas arrives at the peninsula in the first millenium before Christ. They would leave the first civilizadores of our region here the Bastulos that were possibly descending or part of Tartesos, is born Arunda. The Greek historian Tucídices     said in century V before Christ who the towns of the Mediterranean emerged from the barbarism when they learned to work the olive and the see.

The Eastern peninsular coast was occupied first by the Phoenicians, approximately towards the 700 a.C. Certainty of its location in Acinipo and Ronda is had, from them would on a large scale begin an intensive culture of the grapevine and commercialization, although by found pollens, of but antiquity discards that they were the introducers of his culture.

They found Gadir (Cadiz) and Malaca (Malaga), filling the Mediterranean coast of factories that dealt with the inner cities.   It is the Phoenician time the one that has left to more signs of production and wine trade. During a time one thought     that these Settlers were limited to concern wines of the Syrian-Palestine coast, recent studies reach the conclusion that enough amphoras were made in the Hispanic south: “… that already existed a developed production sufficiently as to come to its packaging in a container destined to the commerce”. In the Malagan and gaditana coastal zone, an    important wine producing production can be dated at the end of century VIII A.C.

This demonstrated the existence of one extended culture of the grapevine in previous times to the Romanisation.

The Greeks settle more to the north of the coast, in Rhodes (Pink) and Emporion (Ampurias), in the present zone of Catalonia, finding to the iberos and giving the first references of this town. Paralelamente initiates an advance by the southern coasts and their borders arriving until which they would denominate Runda.


Plato said that “the wine makes the person drinks who it more jovial than she was before and, ingests the more it the more feels filled of great hopes and a sense of the power, until finally, totally envanecido, abounds in all oratorical type with and action and all type with boldness

It ran the 550 when they destroy Tartessos, a small period of peace and before the conflicts of his Phoenician brothers against the indigenous inhabitants, arrive the Carthaginians in his aid, this will not be so and would finish exiling to the Phoenicians of these earth twelve centuries after its arrival.

Carthage and Rome will enter a series of wars (Punic Wars) by the hegemony in the western Mediterranean finally. After the defeat in the First Punic War, Carthage tries to make up for of its losses of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, being increased its dominion in Iberia.

Amílcar Carthaginian Boat, Aníbal and other generals locates the old colonies Phoenician of Andalusia and Levante under their control and later comes to the conquest or extension from their area from influence on the indigenous towns.





In year 219 a.C takes place the offensive of Aníbal against Rome, taking the Iberian Peninsula as operational base and great percentage from Hispanic in its army.



Roman occupation (206 a.C. - century V)

After the Second Punic War between the 218 a.C and the 201 a.C., can be considered the Iberian Peninsula submissive the power of Rome, like our cities ACINIPO and ARUNDA

The occupation campaign, after the Carthaginian expulsion, was fast. Round I am within the called province Later Hispania Baetica administratively would depend on the gaditanos convents or hispalenses and one becomes nucleus   of communication between the two parts of Andalusia.

ACINIPO would reach their splendor, which allowed that it was gotten to coin currency. In her the cluster of grapes imagined and vine leaves, preponderant product of the zone, we spoke of the “LAND OF WINES”, according to translation of the name. After the victory of Caesar on Pompeyo, he would reach the title of city, being elevated to the category of Municipality, reason why their neighbors acquired the right to be in force by their own laws.

The city of Round was founded by the Romans, concretely by Escipión, that built a castle, soothes of the Military order Arundensis. Its primitive name was Arunda, and later Laurus, according to seems by derivation of Laurel, names of the castle whose feet the first establishment was constructed.

In the 195 a.C., the Romans divide the Iberian territory in two zones: the Hispania Citerior and the Later Hispania.

Later it is divided in three provinces: Bética, Tarraconense and Lusitania, organization who lasted until the Low Empire. Estrabón, at time of Augusto, gives reference of the culture of the grapevine and the original wine export of Turdetania.   But they would be mainly Pliny and Columela (been born in the gaditana zone) who would try more explicit references of the wine and the grapevine at imperial time. They make reference to a type of grape, coccolobin, that seems to be a  variety of clear Iberian origin, which once again corroborates the existence of indigenous grape growing.


At time of Calígula, Filipo de Thesalónica, says that the Hispanic wines are bitter, Ovid makes fun of of them, and until t  he same Juvenal, although talking about to the wine of Sagunto also mofa of Hispanic wines. He can be, nevertheless, that existed differences between the different wines and that some more were appreciated than others

The process of Romanisation understood like the incorporation of the language, the customs and the Roman economy began approximately towards the 110 a.C and would last with all their force until half-full of century III. A population of 3,000 people for ACINIPO calculates.




This process was so intense that three Hispanics: Trajano, Adriano and Teodosio were outstanding emperors of Rome, and personages as Séneca philosopher or poets Marcial and Lucano also came from Hispania.

The Roman wines, apparently, had extraordinary properties for the conservation. This data by itself suggests its great quality. The great harvests were commented and even drunk during more time del than it seems possible; the famous Optidiano wine was consumed even 125 years after its elaboration. The Romans owned all the necessary one to age   the wine. 

They were not themselves limited, as he happened to them to the Greeks, the mud amphoras, although also used they them, but they had barrels and bottles of crystal very similar to the present ones. He is reasonable to suppose that those inhabitants of Acinipo drank a wine quite similar to the present one: made young person and with rudimentary methods; dry or strong, according to the year would occur. The Roman system of culture of the grapevines still practices.





Pliny related that the Roman legionaries took twigs of grapevine in their field equipment, that were implanting progressively in the conquered places.

And he is that the Romans - inheriting of the Greek knowledge on the wine they added sugar to increase its alcohol to him, established the use of the pruning, the refinement in the fermentation process. The first must that was obtained used for the preparation of the “mulsum”, so it was mixed with honey and it was let age to serve it like appetizer. The rest of must was let ferment in immense tinajas called “deoliae”. Once fermented, this wine was clarify with ash, clay, dust of marble, draws resin from, fish and also, like the Greeks, with water of sea. It was packaged in mud amphoras, register the year of the harvest, characteristics to him and it was let age in the high rooms of the house near the chimneys.

The wines of the Turdetania - bética western they got to compete with most famous wines of the antiquity, corroborated by some submarine archaeological deposits where were amphoras in which the denomination of “vinus was enrolled gaditanus” of which we comprised.

The germanic invasions and the kingdom visigodo (century V - 711)


The fall of the Roman Empire


In the Mountainous area of Round, like in other provinces, the Empire fell gradually, with the almost simultaneous processes of the “desromanización” of the Roman Empire in Hispania, that is to say, a weakening of the central authority in centuries III, IV, and V, and of the “Romanisation” of the germanic tribes, for example, the adoption of the Roman law that is evident in the Lex Gothorum (Law of the Godos), the conversion to the Christianity, After the fall of the Empire, the suevos, sent by Rechila, was posesionaron of Arunda and Acinipo (Round the Old man, to the North of Arunda). Later, Atanagildo and the Byzantine ones took the city, until it expelled them to Leovigildo.

The invasions

In the winter of year 406, taking advantage of the fusion the Rhine, the vandals, suevos, and mastiff they invaded the empire with great might. Meanwhile, the visigodos, that had taken Rome two years ago, arrived at the region in the 412, and gradually extended their influence in the Peninsula, moving to the mastiff vandals and to North Africa, without these left much track in the Iberian culture. , they transferred the capital of the kingdom visigodo to Toledo. Step Round to be called UNDA.



The Dark Age

Peculiarly, Andalusia never entered the period of illiteracy that we called the Dark Age, that underwent Britain, Galia, Lombardy, and Germany in those years. The reason is that the visigodos respected the Roman institutions and laws, maintaining a stable infrastructure and historical archives during the majority of the interval between the 415, when, according to the tradition, visigodo began the kingdom, and 711, when it was destroyed by the Arabs. Also, the proximity      to the Mediterranean Sea made the commerce easier and the interaction enters Round and other cultures, especially  with the Empire Byzantine, that contributed to their influence in the artistic styles and the developed technologies, very important to emphasize era the tradition of centuries that they owned in wine-making subjects and that surely they contributed to this rich earth in that production. In fact in 552 the Byzantine occupation of the south of the peninsula took place, that would extend until the reign of Suintila
It conquers Arab.
Year 711: After the death of king Witiza, the noble and bishops of the peninsula choose by king to Roderico (well-known   in history by gift Rodrigo), Duke of the Bética. The children of Witiza wanted by king to Aquila, Duke of the Tarraconense, reason why they agree to with the Arabs his arrival through Don Julian, count of Ceuta.
Tarik conquers Toledo and arrives until Leon; Muza conquers Seville and arrives until Merida (712).
The son of Muza will complete the conquest of the peninsula, with the exception of the Cantabrian and Pyrenean mountainous zones, happening to frank territory.



In August of year 711, Round was occupied by the head to bereber Zaide Horseradish tree Kesadi the Sebseki without finding resistance. Its name during the Muslim domination was Izn-Rand Wave, the city of the castle.

Abu Nur Hilal Horseradish tree Abi Qurra, enters the city and declares the ineptitude of the caliph Hixen III, transforming, between 766 and 1015, Round in independent kingdom with properties that would include part of Cadiz, Cordova, Malaga, Seville, Almeria and Jaén.

In to 1059 I thus annex it Motadhid to its kingdom of Seville, becoming prince of Cordova, Algeciras and Ronda.



In 773, Abderramán I proclaims the Emirate of Cordova, freeing politically to the Spanish Muslims, and in 929 Abderramán III proclaims the califato of Cordova, which supposes the definitive separation of the califato of Baghdad.





In spite of the known Koranic prohibition, the wine consumption and brandy were totally habitual and are many the appointments show that it: one knows by alal-Shaqundi that the wine of Malaga was famous; in autumn, when the time arrived from the grape harvests, the families of Granada had the custom to leave the city for vague by mountains of vineyard in vineyard. Mohtar 'Abbadi (...) also says that the wine of Granada, or grenache, was famous by its abundance ".


The Sevillan doctor Avenzoar writes this song:

“Supported the cheeks in he surprised us to the hands all the dawn we had not stopped to drink all night until emborrachamos us. /The wine is vindictive: I make it fall in my mouth and he makes me fall”.




Round was called Bobastro.

According to some authors, Round was Bobastro and some descriptions of the time list like which we aimed:

The 21 of April of the 923 tube place the site of the city by Abderraman III and in the chronicle of the siege relates as the city were surrounded by great walls and located upon a rock and rocks very escarped, on its feet ran a river surrounded   by great extensions of vines, so is so I order that all the vines were cut that surrounded the city to prevail to their enemies of their means of life.

Indeed Jorge Alonso indicates that the name of the Guadalevín river would derive from Guad - Río and Vin - Vinae vines   in Latin, bony, river of the vines or the wine.

The importance of the grapevine, the wine and the brandy it is but that demonstrated, getting to be in all the mountainous area one of the main sources of income, in “BOOKS OF the REPARTIMIENTOS “, is stated the great amount of vines and warehouses that left the Arabs to their march.

Round from the times of the califato, later being kingdom of of taifas, belonging to Seville, with the Almorávides or in his completes benimerín-nazarita stage, always was in increase as much economic as politician, arriving in some periods  to be practically the center of being able and mainly of desire, increasing its importance in all the Muslim and Christian scope.
Kingdom of Castile and Leon the surrender of Granada

In 1230 a true legal and definitive union between Castile and Leon takes place, when Fernando III Santo received from  his Berenguela mother (in 1217) the Kingdom of Castile and its father Alfonso IX (in 1230) the one of Leon.

As of this period the recapture of the Arab territories on the part of the Christians begins to accelerate itself until its culmination in 1492 with the fall of the Nazarí Kingdom of Granada.


                                                                                                    


In 1315 the king of Granada Ysmael, seeing itself harassed by the Christians, requested aid to king of Morocco, offering Ronda like reward, a new kingdom is created that includes/understands Algeciras and Ronda being this its capital and Abomelique its king. This I take to its kingdom to be practically the center of The Andalus

In 1469, Isabel and Fernando marry privily. This connection would end up producing the union of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1479.




Before it, between 1474, year of the death of Enrique IV, and 1479 arises a civil war by the succession from the crown of Castile between those in favor of Isabel and those in favor of Juana the Beltraneja, stepsister and legitimate daughter of Enrique IV, respectively, married with the king of Portugal, that of to have gained those in favor of Juana had produced the union of Castile with Portugal.

Sunday 22 of May of 1485 falls conquered Round. During the war the kitchen gardens plantations of and vine were destroyed to great part of, since the strategy of the conquest passed through the cutting and burning fire of all fruitful   plant, granting to the city identical privileges that to Toledo and Seville.
The camping of the kings during the battle, Real Site, I am placed in the stop in front of the wall in which today serious   the convent of San Francisco, which they commanded to construct in thanksgiving, the cover of Isabelino type this everything decorated with clusters of grape and interlaced leaves of vine, reference without a doubt to the plantations surrounded that it.

The Repartimiento was the continuation, was not enough to conquer, had in addition that to obtain that a new faithful population to the winners was based in these earth. In fact the repobladores were men of arms and had the “obligation to go to all the shows that were summoned” in this way, stayed a trimming without having to pay pay mainly and foretelling future revolts to him of the Mudejar ones

“By order the repartimiento and good government of the noble city of Round” of Kings Católicos are created, in 1485, a census of repobladores, according to the military merits and their different prevailing social levels at the time, order to distribute the conquered thing: houses, warehouses, mills, sources, stores, earth and vines. The task entrusts different “distributors” creating enough displeasure, although the real norms were quite clear, being necessary their revision in several occasions since some takes place that another abuse by which they distribute.
Llama the attention the importance that grants to the vines rondeñas to him, so is so it is procured that to each one of the neighbors they are granted to him in major or measured minor, something that does not happen with all the other wealth to distribute, could remain without house or without wheat but nor one was only wanted to be without wine. The lack of measurements by the pressure of serious time what tube would force to later revisions “nones order some in giving by measures these vines, safe by pieces”. It is without a doubt but the fully important culture at the time, (Arab as as much Christian) in virtue to the profuse generated documentation and the surprising thing of his enormous production.

Aranzadas ones of vines in fruit between 505 neighbors are distributed 400.32 and free ones get ready 152 aranzadas to new denominated plantations majuelos. Not only great amount is counted, in addition it facilitates and it stimulates new plantations, whatever it nailed stakes of vines in one of these free earth became proprietor of the same, was only acceded to the property by this culture,” as long as they did not happen but of two years without working”. Others as the olive grove were residual and were accustomed to would find within the same vines, in I number very little, reason why the mountainous area was always deficit in oil. This first distribution is based on erroneous measurements in the second realised by Serrano is increased the surface.
But approximated according to Acien serious Almansa to calculate for Round (city and neighborhoods) a surface of vines of 250 hectares, which would be equivalent to a production after the conquest of about 700,000 liters of wine, for a population of 500 neighbors. To that we would have to add produced in the towns the highlands. This serious number also the one that would be taking place by the Arabs before its fall, although these used part of the grape for their pacification and consumption in crude.

The recapture finalizes in 1492 with the taking of Granada on the part of Kings Católicos annexed who it to Corona of Castile. In this same year the expulsion of the Jews takes place, the discovery of America, in the name of the crown, by Cristóbal Columbus.





For that time the number settles down 20,000 inhabitants between Round and its mountainous area. Of which, according to Federico Lozano, 50% were Jewish, 34% Arabs and only 16% of Christian repobladores.

Since curiosity were a change of tendency, while the price of the grain that was exported to America multiplied by two, the wine would multiply its value by eight in the forty later years to the conquest of Mexico; a fleet of the New World generally transported in each trip 150,000 wine barrels Andalusian In these circumstances undertook a great expansion of the vineyard in our region, arriving to plow mounts and meadows. The Sherry wine represented in the fleet of Magallanes such importance that the dedicated sums to buy it went superiors to spent in arms and the ammunition

Round was the great center of. Mudejar rise of 1501 and that later would extend to great part of the province of Malaga. the Muslims were overcome, many of them were sold like slaves and expelled others.

It is born in 1550 Vicente Espinel, musician, poet, clergyman and some things but, among them grape grower. It received from his family according to consists a Chaplaincy that included some properties of houses and “several vineyards located in the Small tower of the Meadow”.

1568-1572. The revolt of the moriscos takes place, being Round one of its main centers, hard was repressed and the harvested population, happening of 10,372 inhabitants in 1587 and to later 9,436 inhabitants in 1591,

In 1610 the expulsion of the moriscos takes place, according to Andrea Navagiero: ” in times in which to this they dominated it earth the Moors were much more beautiful, the houses and vines are ruining because the moriscos are lacking and they are those that maintain the fields plowed because the Spaniards are not very industrious, neither plant nor cultivate”.

The population calculates in 1.650 on 11,700 inhabitants and of 25,000 in 1.675, but this number seems trustworthy little, (repartimiento of duchies for the 20 cities to leguas of Malaga
Dynasty of the Austrias


With Carlos I the reign of the dynasty of the Hapsburg, or House of Austria begins, with which Spain will know its greater territorial expansion thanks to the conquest extensive territories in overseas America and other colonies. In addition, king Carlos V (Carlos I of Spain) was crowned Emperor of the Sacrum Empire which added extensive European territories to the crown; later, Felipe II, increases his territories in America and fits the crown of Portugal with his overseas territories, initiating the brief Iberian Union that became the greater economic and military power of the world.

                                                                                                   




In the XVI the wine of Lepe is continued exporting England as well as the one of Malaga, but doubtlessly the broth of the broths is the Sherry, reason why we know the type of wine serious that would take place of predominant form in the zone, besides the sweet and red type.

Shakespeare puts in mouth of Sir John Falstaff (1597) a memorable praise of the jerezano extraction:
“A good sherry owns virtue double: it raises us the brain, it dries the foolish and clumsy steam to us that in surround crude it; it tries alive, ingenious, rich an understanding raudo, in subtle, fogosa and charmer fantasy that through verb originates the best one I devise that it exists. The second virtue of our excellent sherry: it warms up the blood to you; which previously fries and mustia communicated to the liver that whiteness, that pallor that is the emblem of the diffidence and the cowardice; but it warms up it to the sherry and it makes circulate of the interior to the extremities. It illuminates the face and this, like a lantern, it touches the alert for all the citizens of that very small kingdom that is the man; and as much the vital troops and the small spirits of the interior go towards the heart; that gotten fat and full of such escort she executes all act of fierceness; he is of the sherry del that comes this bravery to him. (...) If she had thousand children, she would instill like first principle of humanity the one to them to resign to the concoctions without force and to give themselves to sack”.

In the XVIII it is possible to be said that in all the regions Andalusian in whom the conditions of land or allowed it to climatology wine or must vines and production existed. The Andalusian wines so are appreciated in the outside that secure an enviable implantation outside our borders until the point of not undergoing with as much force the crisis that underwent Spain in the XVII.
The House of Bourbon in Spain and the Illustration

The house of Bourbon began to reign in Spain year 1700, with the coronation of Felipe V. Shortly after, in 1702 begins the War of Spanish Succession.


It is known like period of the political Illustration in Spain to which it includes the reigns of the bourbons from Felipe V in 1700 to Carlos IV that its reign in 1808 finalizes steeply, picking up the movement of the century of the lights which one begins in France and is the waiting room of the French Revolution.







The zones jerezana and Malagan, specialize in wines with fort demands outside, whereas the majority of the other wine producing zones Andalusian is led the inner market, especially the local one or simply the premises. , the wine-making production rondeña is commercialized geographically towards these two so near slopes, to which is sold the must or alcohol of wine (but easy to transport.


The population of serious Round for 1,730 12,375 and 10,098 according to Cove in 1752.
For 1,797 it will be of 18,000 according to Dark Place.
Of 18,678 hbs for the 1826 according to Miñano and of 17,000 according to J. Place in 1834.
In order to lower to about 12,000 in the 1836 (Canga Arg5uelles) war of independence she was especially bloody in our mountainous area of Round.


In spite of bumps in the population of Round during those years, it is time represents one of most important from the cultural point of view since so important and significant monuments are constructed as the Edge of Round, the Bullring and the Arc of Felipe V 


                                                                                                      


Javier Maldonado Rosso, maintains that the majority of those wines little had to do with the today broths.
“Until the last third of century XVIII vinatería Andalusian produced, essentially, musts. (...) young wines; which headed slightly with wine brandy, in some cases, in order that they could stay without alterations in his transfers to other climatic zones. The wine raising and aging by means of the system of years also practiced, but in very reduced magnitudes and for certain socio-professional sectors, because the habit of the demand inclined mainly by young wines”.


In the last third of century XVIII the fashion of led wines is dominated the taste of the English consumers, main clients of Andalusian wines, bringing about considerable transformations in our grape and wine growing, as much in the techniques of culture like in the elaboration and commercialization.

According to Aurora I watch the vineyard is the person in charge of the splendid development of our region enters century XVI the XVIII, being the olive grove a secondary culture that appears alternating with others and in loose spots.


In order to approximate the wine-making production in Round, we referred a writing of the time:
(Military Memory of the city of Round to 12 of April of 1813) “Such are the productions of wheat and barley that can be regulated first of the 100,000 fanegas and the second 25,000 every year. Of wine 35,000 arrobas” Average million length of liters of wine took place in I finish of Round added those that took place in the mountainous area could be around the million liters, since we have references of the great productions of some towns highlands: Jubrique, Faraján, Arriate, Benalauría, Gaucín. The Town etc….Much of this production would be channeled to the production of brandies that very arrived to be made famous and that were looked for by the English retailers of Gibraltar.

                                                                                            

Century XIX.



The principle of century XIX was noticeable in Spain by the French occupation on the part of the army of Napoleón and later the weak reign of Fernando VII. This century was in favor noticeable also of a great political instability n the one that followed one another several constitutions; Regencies; Reigns like the one of Isabel II, Amadeo I of Saboya and Alfonso XII; Provisional governments like the one of the Democratic Presidential term and the one of the First Republic








During the French occupation the population was subject to the payment of many taxes. Moreti picks up in its History of Round the daily exigencies of food that demanded the French to our city council, among them the divided major was destined to wine (58 arrobas and average) and brandy (20 arrobas) among others many viandas. (1 arroba= 16 Ls)


The situation I get to asphyxiate the local economy, deciding that a commission exhibited the French Commander of the city, the delicate situation that crosses, is related that as the industry and the cattle ranch have been reduced to less than half. Agriculture does not happen either through its better moments of the twelve shores of kitchen gardens that compose this I finish are ruined in his third part and that of the 2,500 aranzadas of vines only produces half” (695 hectares that would produce unos2.432.500 liters). This really was due to the great one I number of Rondeños that took arms, leaving the normal occupations. So it is so in three years the population was hardly reduced of 15,600 HB to only 5,000, the majority old, women and children. These numbers would recover quickly thanks to the extraordinary development of the wine-making sector and to the strong exports (time of wine-making gold in all Andalusia).


1809-1835 the main laws are born from the Confiscation, pass to private hands 30,000 hectares in I finish of Round. Many of these were dedicated to vineyards, some already were it, is the moment of maximum splendor of grape growing in our region, arriving to be so, that she was one of the reasons to put in danger the forests of pinsapo, that underwent a remarkable backward movement.


In 1845 Paschal Madoz overseas realises the Geographic-statistical-historical Dictionary of Spain and its possessions. In it realises a detailed study of all the region, observes that in all the towns and villages great amount of wine and brandy takes place, in the majority is the predominant culture and at least one important essential source of income in the mountain economy. The grape stepped on “naked the grape on foot” later was pressed with the presses of the type “of Beam” and later it moved in odres with the cavalries to the warehouses, there towards the wine, with its despoliation the brandy and the vinegar. The production of brandies was, since we have repeated, very important. She was sold British merchants taken to Gibraltar, where I among others export places to the workers of the Suez Channel at this time of its construction.


Reign of Fernando VII.



Once the Napoleonic troops are expelled from Spain, Fernando VII (nicknamed the wished one) begins to reign in Spain from 1814 to 1833. This reign was marked by three stages: The Absolutist Stage (1814-1820), the Liberal Triennium (1820-1833) and the Ominous Decade (1823-1833)


Reign of Isabel II.



Fernando VII died the 29 of September of 1833 when her daughter Isabel II counted only on three years of age. During the minority of age of his daughter, he occupied the throne Maria Cristina wife of Fernando VII. In 1843 Isabel he was declared of legal age with only 13 years so that thus he could begin to govern. The reign of Isabel II was marked by the successive carlistas wars and the regency of General Espartero. This reign finalized in 1868 with the triumph of the Glorious Revolution in which General Prim expelled to Isabel II of the Reign and founded a provisional Government.






Democratic presidential term.


The period of the history of Spain is known by Democratic Presidential term passed from the triumph of the revolution of September of 1868 to the uprising of December of 1874 that supposed the beginning of the well-known stage like Restoration.


The population rondeña would be surroundings to 19,307 (Rodrigues Martines), this evolutionary sense that it drags is broken drastically by the appearance of the xilofera in 1868, the population breaks this dynamics and begins a decay in all the region, taking place an emigration towards the great capitals, as Malaga or Seville and in minor I number to Argentina, when disappearing one of main means of life for the day laborers, carriers, turners, blacksmiths, odreros and barrelmaking, habitual offices in our region.


Reign of Amadeo de Saboya (1870-1873)


After the revolution of 1868 in Spain a constitutional monarchy is proclaimed. Finally the 16 of November of 1870 with the support of the progressive sector of Cortes and the carlistas, Amadeo de Saboya is chosen King


First Spanish Republic.


(1873-1874) The First Spanish Republic was proclaimed the 11 of February of 1873 by General Cortes lasted eleven months in which four Presidents followed one another.




Bourbon restoration


It is known like Bourbon Restoration the period that include from the uprising of general Martinez Fields in 1874, which it ends the First Republic, and the proclamation of the Second Republic the 14 of April of 1931. This time beginning with the Reign of Alfonso XII son of Isabel II. policy of this reign it was marked in the turn of parties with which the Conservative Party and Liberal was alternated itself in the Government.


In 1877, the population had tripled itself in the province of Malaga in one hundred years, the fundamental reason was the enormous development of the vineyard by the great prestige of “mountain wine” or mountain wines. But the appearance of the phylloxera in 1878 I bring about a great economic and demographic crisis in Round

At this time, concretely the 15 of December of 1873, would begin the most famous “Lawsuit of the Cork of Round”, by the right of extraction of the cork of municipal property, an authentic fortune.



A fact long wished occurs in these days; the inauguration of the railroad Algeciras - Bobadilla. This would help of important form to the entrance and exit of wines for the important warehouses of end of this century and the following one. Musts and alcohol of La Mancha were engaged in and Cordova and is exported towards Jerez and Malaga in already bred bulks, simultaneously are commercialized in all the markets, including foreigners.


A sad time for the rondeños day laborers begins, in whom a true extreme hunger was lived that I worsen with the lost ones of the jerezanas harvests, where they used to go wing grape harvest.



Reign of Alfonso XIII.



King to his birth was proclaimed and reigned until his muerte1. Her mother exerted the regency during the minority of age of the King. In 19022, when fulfilling the 16 years, she was declared of legal age and she assumed the constitutional functions of Chief of State.

Its reign was marked by the control of the Government on the part of I exercise by means of the figures of Miguel Primo de Rivera, General Berenguer and Admiral Aznar.





Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera


The 13 of September of 1923 the Commander in chief of Catalonia, Miguel Primo de Rivera revolts against the Government and gives a coup d'etat. After the municipal elections of 1931, the 14 of April the Second Republic is proclaimed, thus giving aim to the Bourbon restoration in Spain.


In 1877, the population had tripled itself in the province of Malaga in one hundred years, the fundamental reason was the enormous development of the vineyard by the great prestige of “mountain wine” or mountain wines. But the appearance of the phylloxera in 1878 I bring about a great economic and demographic crisis in Round, such era the dependency of the sector.


Century XIX, according to Maldonado Rosso, would produce one of the most genuine wines of Andalusia: the fine one. Wine that, along with the brandy, would be during long decades the ship standard of the warehouses. In spite of the serious commercial crisis of end of century XIX and principles of the XX, had to the abuses of adulteration in wines of Malaga and Jerez, crisis that made stagger to the wine producing sector.


Second Spanish Republic


The Second Republic proclaims the 14 of April of 1931, after the exit of the country of king Alfonso XIII, in view of the adverse results obtained by the monarchic candidacies in the main capitals of province, in the municipal elections celebrated the 12 of April of 1931, as well as to the establishment of the lack of popular support as much of the political and social estates like of the Armed Forces or the public order

The phase of recovery initiated in the Thirties, is confirmed with the height that followed between the Forties and sixty of century XX. The system of prolific and wall-plates, peculiar to the Sherry frame, influenced in vinatería western Andalusian, dragging behind himself the zones of the County, the Aljarafe, and to a certain extent Montilla-Moriles, the production rondeña also was infected, in fact it was the form of raisings that acquired our warehouses, arriving to obtain to wines of highest quality like the Fine Narváez of WAREHOUSES NARVAEZ or the Wall-plate Summit of WAREHOUSES PEREZ URRUTI.

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Spanish civil war

The Spanish Civil War (17 of July of 1936 - 1 of April of 1939), has been considered like the introduction of World War II. Aside from the drama that supposed the civil conflict, the nationalistic triumph directed by general Franco supposed the establishment of a dictatorship during thirty and six years.